They may be
congenital or due to some pathologic disturbance after birth.
Marcellus Donatus speaks of two pupils in one eye. Beer,
Fritsche, and Heuermann are among the older writers who have
noticed supernumerary pupils. Higgens in 1885 described a boy
whose right iris was perforated by four pupils,--one above, one
to the inner side, one below, and a fourth to the outer side. The
first three were slit-shaped; the fourth was the largest and had
the appearance as of the separation of the iris from its
insertion. There were two pupils in the left eye, both to the
outer side of the iris, one being slit-like and the other
resembling the fourth pupil in the right eye. All six pupils
commenced at the periphery, extended inward, and were of
different sizes. The fundus could be clearly seen through all of
the pupils, and there was no posterior staphyloma nor any
choroidal changes. There was a rather high degree of myopia. This
peculiarity was evidently congenital, and no traces of a central
pupil nor marks of a past iritis could be found. Clinical
Sketches a contains quite an extensive article on and several
illustrations of congenital anomalies of the iris.
Double crystalline lenses are sometimes seen.
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