7. From a general text that requires a particular instance, and
_vice versa_.
8. When a particular rule is laid down for something which has
already been included in a general law, the rule is to apply to
all.
9. When a general rule has an exception, the exception mitigates
and does not aggravate the rule.
10. When a general rule has an exception not according
therewith, the exception both mitigates and aggravates.
11. When an exception to a general rule is made to substantiate
extraneous matter, that matter cannot be classed under the said
general rule, unless the Scripture expressly says so.
12. The ruling is to be according to the context, or to the
general drift of the argument.
13. When two texts are contradictory, a third is to be sought
that reconciles them.
Rabbi Akiva was forty years of age when he began to study, and after
thirteen years of study he began publicly to teach.
_Avoth d'Rab. Nathan._
Thirteen treasurers and seven directors were appointed to serve in the
Temple. (More there might be, never less.)
_Tamid_, fol. 27, col. 1.
Thirteen points of law regulate the decisions that require to be made
relative to the carcass of a clean bird.
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