(2) Nevertheless, we will prove it from the nature of the three primary
emotions.
(3) All emotions are attributable to desire, pleasure, or pain,
as their definitions above given show. (4) But desire is each man's
nature or essence ([ix] note); therefore desire in one individual differs
from desire in another individual, only in so far as the nature or essence
of the one differs from the nature or essence of the other. (5) Again,
pleasure and pain are passive states or passions, whereby every man's power
or endeavour to persist in his being is increased or diminished, helped or
hindered ([xi] & note). (57:6) But by the endeavour to persist in its
being, in so far as it is attributable to mind and body in conjunction, we
mean appetite and desire (III.[ix] note); therefore pleasure and pain are
identical with desire or appetite, in so far as by external causes they
are increased or diminished, helped or hindered, in other words, they
are every man's nature; wherefore the pleasure and pain felt by one man
differ from the pleasure and pain felt by another man, only in so far as
the nature or essence of the one man differs from the essence of the
other; consequently, any emotion of one individual only differs, &c.
Q.E.D.
Note.- (57:7) Hence it follows, that the emotions of the animals which
are called irrational (for after learning the origin of mind we cannot
doubt that brutes feel) only differ from man's emotions, to the extent
that brute nature differs from human nature.
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