,
there are kinds of objects whereby we are affected.
Proof.- (56:1) Pleasure and pain, and consequently the emotions compounded
thereof, or derived therefrom, are passions, or passive states (III.[xi]
note); now we are necessarily passive (III.[i] ), in so far as we have
inadequate ideas; and only in so far as we have such ideas are we passive
([iii] ); that is, we are only necessarily passive (II:[xl] note), in
so far as we conceive, or ([xvii] ¬e) in so far as we are affected
by an emotion, which involves the nature of our own body, and the nature
of an external body. (2) Wherefore the nature of every passive state must
necessarily be so explained, that the nature of the object whereby we are
affected be expressed. (56:3) Namely, the pleasure, which arises from,
say, the object A, involves the nature of that object A, and the pleasure,
which arises from the object B, involves the nature of the object B;
wherefore these two pleasurable emotions are by nature different, inasmuch
as the causes whence they arise are by nature different. (4) So again the
emotion of pain, which arises from one object, is by nature different from
the pain arising from another object, and, similarly, in the case of love,
hatred, hope, fear, vacillation, &c.
(56:5) Thus, there are necessarily as many kinds of pleasure, pain, love,
hatred, &c., as there are kinds of objects whereby we are affected.
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