(39:3) The second part
of this proof proceeds in the same manner. Wherefore he who hates another,
etc. Q.E.D.
Note.- (39:4) By good I here mean every kind of pleasure, and all that
conduces thereto, especially that which satisfies our longings,
whatsoever they may be. (5) By evil, I mean every kind of pain,
especially that which frustrates our longings. (6) For I have shown
([ix] note) that we in no case desire a thing because we deem it
good, but, contrariwise, we deem a thing good because we desire it:
consequently we deem evil that which we shrink from; everyone,
therefore, according to his particular emotions, judges or estimates
what is god, what is bad, what is better, what is worse, lastly, what
is best, and what is worst. (7) Thus a miser thinks that abundance
of money is the best, and want of money the worst; an ambitious man
desires nothing so much as glory, and fears nothing so much as shame.
(39:8) To an envious man nothing is more delightful than another's
misfortune, and nothing more painful than another's success. (9) So
every man, according to his emotions, judges a thing to be good or bad,
useful or useless. (10) The emotion, which induces a man to turn from
that which he wishes, or to wish for that which he turns from, is called
timidity, which may accordingly be defined as the fear whereby a man is
induced to avoid an evil which he regards as future by encountering a
lesser evil ([xxviii] ).
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